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在上一篇博客中
我介绍了 Ambient 模式中的透明流量劫持和四层流量路由，在这一篇博客中，我将向你介绍在 Istio 的 Ambient 模式中，七层流量是如何路由的。
下图展示了 Ambient 模式中七层网络流量路径。
Ambient Mesh 中的七层网络流量路径
注意：Waypoint Proxy 可以位于应用程序所在节点，甚至图中的服务 A、服务 B 和 Waypoint Proxy 都可以位于同一个节点，之所以将它们画在三个节点上是为了方便展示，但是对于实际的流量路径没有大的影响，只不过是不再通过 eth0 发送到另外一个节点。
下文我们将从手操作探究图中过程。
环境说明
我们继续使用上一篇博客中部署的 Ambient 模式的 Istio，查看环境说明
。为了说明七层网路路由，我们需要在此基础上再创建一个 Gateway：
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: gateway.networking.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: productpage
annotations:
istio.io/service-account: bookinfo-productpage
spec:
gatewayClassName: istio-mesh
EOF
执行完该命令后，default 命名空间下会创建了一个 Waypoint proxy，在我的环境中这个 pod 的名字是 bookinfo-productpage-waypoint-proxy-6f88c55d59-4dzdx，专门用于处理发往 productpage 服务（服务 B）的 L7 流量，我将它称之为 Waypoint Proxy B。
Waypoint 代理可以位于与工作负载相同或者不同的节点上，它也可以部署在独立的命名空间中，不论它位于哪个节点，对于 L7 流量路径没有影响。
Ambient mesh 中透明流量的方式在 L4 和 L7 网络中没有什么不同，因此在这篇博客中我们将略过 Inbound 和 Outbound 流量劫持部分，你可以查看上一篇博客
了解详情。
下面我们将直接从流量被劫持到 Ztunnel A 后，被转发到 Envoy 的 15006 端口开始。
Ztunnel A 上的出站流量路由
使用下面的命令导出 Ztunnel A 上的 Envoy 代理配置：
kubectl exec -n istio-system ztunnel-hptxk -c istio-proxy -- curl "127.0.0.1:15000/config_dump?include_eds">ztunnel-a-all-include-eds.json
查看 ztunnel-a-all-include-eds.json 文件中的 Listener 配置部分，根据目的端口和来源 IP 的匹配关系，你将看到 ztunnel_outbound 监听器中有如下配置：
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{
"10.8.14.226": {
"matcher": {
"matcher_tree": {
"input": {
"name": "port",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.matching.common_inputs.network.v3.DestinationPortInput"
}
},
"exact_match_map": {
"map": {
"9080": {
"action": {
"name": "spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep_to_server_waypoint_proxy_spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.StringValue",
"value": "spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep_to_server_waypoint_proxy_spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage"
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
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10.8.14.226 是目标服务的 Cluster IP，服务端口是 9080。流量将被路由到 spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep_to_server_waypoint_proxy_spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage 集群，查看该集群的配置：
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{
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"cluster": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
"name": "spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep_to_server_waypoint_proxy_spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/bookinfo-productpage",
"type": "EDS",
"eds_cluster_config": {
"eds_config": {
"ads": {},
"initial_fetch_timeout": "0s",
"resource_api_version": "V3"
}
},
/* 省略 */
}
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该集群使用 EDS 服务发现。查看该集群的 EDS 信息：
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{
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.endpoint.v3.ClusterLoadAssignment",
"endpoints": [
{
"locality": {},
"lb_endpoints": [
{
"endpoint": {
"address": {
"socket_address": {
"address": "10.4.3.14",
"port_value": 15006
}
},
"health_check_config": {}
},
"health_status": "HEALTHY",
"load_balancing_weight": 1
}
]
}
],
"policy": {
"overprovisioning_factor": 140
}
}
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注意：这里还是缺少输出 cluster_name 字段。
在这里直接将流量转发给 Waypoint Proxy 的端点 10.4.3.14:15006。
Waypoint Proxy B 上的流量转发
我们再导出 Waypoint Proxy B 中的 Envoy 配置：
kubectl exec -n default bookinfo-productpage-waypoint-proxy-6f88c55d59-4dzdx -c istio-proxy -- curl "127.0.0.1:15000/config_dump?include_eds">waypoint-a-all-include-eds.json
查看 inbound_CONNECT_terminate 监听器的配置：
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{
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_terminate",
"active_state": {
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"listener": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener",
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_terminate",
"address": {
"socket_address": {
"address": "0.0.0.0",
"port_value": 15006
}
},
"filter_chains": [{
"filters": [{
"name": "capture_tls",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.tls_passthrough.v1.CaptureTLS"
}
},
{
"name": "envoy.filters.network.http_connection_manager",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager",
"stat_prefix": "inbound_hcm",
"route_config": {
"name": "local_route",
"virtual_hosts": [{
"name": "connect",
"domains": [
"*"
],
"routes": [{...},
{
"match": {
"headers": [{
"name": ":authority",
"exact_match": "10.8.14.226:9080"
}],
"connect_matcher": {}
},
"route": {
"cluster": "inbound-vip|9080|internal|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"upgrade_configs": [{
"upgrade_type": "CONNECT",
"connect_config": {}
}]
}
}
]
}],
"validate_clusters": false
},
"http_filters": [...],
"tracing": {...},
"http2_protocol_options": {
"allow_connect": true
},
"use_remote_address": false,
"upgrade_configs": [{
"upgrade_type": "CONNECT"
}],
"stream_idle_timeout": "0s",
"normalize_path": true,
"request_id_extension": {...},
"path_with_escaped_slashes_action": "KEEP_UNCHANGED"
}
}
],
"transport_socket": {...},
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_terminate"
}]
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T06:24:51.467Z"
}
}
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目的地为 10.8.14.226:9080 的 TCP 流量将被转发到 inbound-vip|9080|internal|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local，并将 HTTP 类型修改为 CONNECT，查看该集群的配置：
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{
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"cluster": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
"name": "inbound-vip|9080|internal|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"type": "STATIC",
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.internal_upstream",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.internal_upstream.v3.InternalUpstreamTransport",
"passthrough_metadata": [
{
"kind": {
"cluster": {}
},
"name": "istio"
}
],
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.raw_buffer",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.raw_buffer.v3.RawBuffer"
}
}
}
},
"common_lb_config": {},
"load_assignment": {
"cluster_name": "inbound-vip|9080|internal|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"endpoints": [
{
"lb_endpoints": [
{
"endpoint": {
"address": {
"envoy_internal_address": {
"server_listener_name": "inbound-vip|9080||productpage.default.svc.cluster.local"
}
}
}
}
]
}
]
}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.137Z"
}
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该集群的端点是一个内部监听器 inbound-vip|9080||productpage.default.svc.cluster.local：
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{
"name": "inbound-vip|9080||productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"active_state": {
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"listener": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener",
"name": "inbound-vip|9080||productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"filter_chains": [{
"filters": [{
"name": "restore_tls",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.tls_passthrough.v1.RestoreTLS"
}
},
{
"name": "envoy.filters.network.http_connection_manager",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager",
"stat_prefix": "inbound_0.0.0.0_9080",
"route_config": {
"name": "inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"virtual_hosts": [{
"name": "inbound|http|9080",
"domains": [
"*"
],
"routes": [{
"match": {
"prefix": "/"
},
"route": {
"cluster": "inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"timeout": "0s",
"max_stream_duration": {
"max_stream_duration": "0s",
"grpc_timeout_header_max": "0s"
}
},
"decorator": {
"operation": ":9080/*"
},
"name": "default"
}]
}],
"validate_clusters": false
}
},
"server_name": "istio-envoy",
"use_remote_address": false,
"forward_client_cert_details": "APPEND_FORWARD",
"set_current_client_cert_details": {
"subject": true,
"dns": true,
"uri": true
},
"upgrade_configs": [{
"upgrade_type": "websocket"
}],
"stream_idle_timeout": "0s",
"normalize_path": true,
"request_id_extension": {
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.request_id.uuid.v3.UuidRequestIdConfig",
"use_request_id_for_trace_sampling": true
}
},
"path_with_escaped_slashes_action": "KEEP_UNCHANGED"
}
],
"name": "inbound-vip|9080||productpage.default.svc.cluster.local-http"
}],
"listener_filters": [{
"name": "set_dst_address",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/xds.type.v3.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.set_internal_dst_address.v1.Config",
"value": {}
}
},
{
"name": "envoy.filters.listener.metadata_to_peer_node",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.telemetry.metadatatopeernode.v1.Config"
}
}
],
"traffic_direction": "INBOUND",
"internal_listener": {}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.300Z"
}
}
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数据包被转发到 inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local 集群：
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{
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"cluster": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
"name": "inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"type": "EDS",
"eds_cluster_config": {
"eds_config": {
"ads": {},
"initial_fetch_timeout": "0s",
"resource_api_version": "V3"
},
"service_name": "inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local"
},
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.internal_upstream",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.internal_upstream.v3.InternalUpstreamTransport",
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.raw_buffer",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.raw_buffer.v3.RawBuffer"
}
}
}
},
"metadata": {
"filter_metadata": {
"istio": {
"services": [{
"namespace": "default",
"name": "productpage",
"host": "productpage.default.svc.cluster.local"
}]
}
}
},
"common_lb_config": {}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.138Z"
}
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该集群是 EDS 类型，查看 Endpoint 配置：
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{
"endpoint_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.endpoint.v3.ClusterLoadAssignment",
"cluster_name": "inbound-vip|9080|http|productpage.default.svc.cluster.local",
"endpoints": [{
"locality": {
"region": "us-west2",
"zone": "us-west2-a"
},
"lb_endpoints": [{
"endpoint": {
"address": {
"envoy_internal_address": {
"server_listener_name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5"
}
},
"health_check_config": {}
},
"health_status": "HEALTHY",
"metadata": {
"filter_metadata": {
"istio": {
"workload": "productpage-v1;default;productpage;v1;Kubernetes"
}
}
},
"load_balancing_weight": 1
}]
}],
"policy": {
"overprovisioning_factor": 140
}
}
}
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数据包被转发到 inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5 监听器：
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{
"name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"active_state": {
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"listener": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener",
"name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"filter_chains": [{
"filters": [{
"name": "restore_tls",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.tls_passthrough.v1.RestoreTLS"
}
},
{
"name": "envoy.filters.network.http_connection_manager",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3.HttpConnectionManager",
"stat_prefix": "inbound_0.0.0.0_9080",
"route_config": {
"name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"virtual_hosts": [{
"name": "inbound|http|9080",
"domains": [
"*"
],
"routes": [{
"match": {
"prefix": "/"
},
"route": {
"cluster": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"timeout": "0s",
"max_stream_duration": {
"max_stream_duration": "0s",
"grpc_timeout_header_max": "0s"
}
},
"decorator": {
"operation": ":9080/*"
},
"name": "default"
}]
}],
"validate_clusters": false
},
"http_filters": [{
"name": "envoy.filters.http.rbac",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.rbac.v3.RBAC",
"rules": {
"policies": {
"ns[default]-policy[productpage-viewer]-rule[0]": {
"permissions": [{
"and_rules": {
"rules": [{
"any": true
}]
}
}],
"principals": [{
"and_ids": {
"ids": [{
"or_ids": {
"ids": [{
"authenticated": {
"principal_name": {
"exact": "spiffe://cluster.local/ns/default/sa/sleep"
}
}
},
{
"authenticated": {
"principal_name": {
"exact": "spiffe://cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-ingressgateway-service-account"
}
}
}
]
}
}]
}
}]
}
}
},
"shadow_rules_stat_prefix": "istio_dry_run_allow_"
}
}],
"server_name": "istio-envoy",
"use_remote_address": false,
"forward_client_cert_details": "APPEND_FORWARD",
"set_current_client_cert_details": {
"subject": true,
"dns": true,
"uri": true
},
"upgrade_configs": [{
"upgrade_type": "websocket"
}],
"stream_idle_timeout": "0s",
"normalize_path": true,
"request_id_extension": {
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.request_id.uuid.v3.UuidRequestIdConfig",
"use_request_id_for_trace_sampling": true
}
},
"path_with_escaped_slashes_action": "KEEP_UNCHANGED"
}
}
],
"name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5-http"
}],
"listener_filters": [{
"name": "set_dst_address",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/xds.type.v3.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.set_internal_dst_address.v1.Config",
"value": {}
}
}],
"traffic_direction": "INBOUND",
"internal_listener": {}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.339Z"
}
}
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数据包被转发到 inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5 集群：
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{
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"cluster": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
"name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"type": "STATIC",
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.internal_upstream",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.internal_upstream.v3.InternalUpstreamTransport",
"passthrough_metadata": [
{
"kind": {
"host": {}
},
"name": "tunnel"
},
{
"kind": {
"host": {}
},
"name": "istio"
}
],
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.raw_buffer",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.raw_buffer.v3.RawBuffer"
}
}
}
},
"common_lb_config": {},
"load_assignment": {
"cluster_name": "inbound-pod|9080||10.4.0.5",
"endpoints": [
{
"lb_endpoints": [
{
"endpoint": {
"address": {
"envoy_internal_address": {
"server_listener_name": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"endpoint_id": "10.4.0.5:9080"
}
}
},
"metadata": {
"filter_metadata": {
"tunnel": {
"destination": "10.4.0.5:9080",
"address": "10.4.0.5:15008"
}
}
}
}
]
}
]
}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.139Z"
}
|
该集群是 STATIC 类型，其中包含了 HBONE 隧道配置（HTTP/2 CONNECT 地址是 10.4.0.15008），端点是 Envoy 内部监听器 inbound_CONNECT_originate：
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{
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"active_state": {
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"listener": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener",
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"filter_chains": [
{
"filters": [
{
"name": "envoy.filters.network.tcp_proxy",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.network.tcp_proxy.v3.TcpProxy",
"stat_prefix": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"cluster": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"tunneling_config": {
"hostname": "%DYNAMIC_METADATA(tunnel:destination)%",
"headers_to_add": [
{
"header": {
"key": "x-envoy-original-dst-host",
"value": "%DYNAMIC_METADATA([\"tunnel\", \"destination\"])%"
}
}
]
}
}
}
]
}
],
"use_original_dst": false,
"listener_filters": [
{
"name": "set_dst_address",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/xds.type.v3.TypedStruct",
"type_url": "type.googleapis.com/istio.set_internal_dst_address.v1.Config",
"value": {}
}
}
],
"internal_listener": {}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.339Z"
}
}
|
说明：
listener_filters 中的 set_dst_address 将目的地地址设置为 10.4.0.5.15008；- 在隧道中新增了一个 Header：
x-envoy-original-dst-host，它的值是 10.4.0.5:9080；
- 该集群的端点是
inbound_CONNECT_originate 集群；
查看 inbound_CONNECT_originate 集群：
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{
"version_info": "2022-11-17T03:27:45Z/82",
"cluster": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster",
"name": "inbound_CONNECT_originate",
"type": "ORIGINAL_DST",
"connect_timeout": "2s",
"lb_policy": "CLUSTER_PROVIDED",
"cleanup_interval": "60s",
"transport_socket": {
"name": "envoy.transport_sockets.tls",
"typed_config": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.UpstreamTlsContext",
"common_tls_context": {
"tls_params": {
"tls_minimum_protocol_version": "TLSv1_3",
"tls_maximum_protocol_version": "TLSv1_3"
},
"alpn_protocols": [
"h2"
],
"tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs": [
{
"name": "default",
"sds_config": {
"api_config_source": {
"api_type": "GRPC",
"grpc_services": [
{
"envoy_grpc": {
"cluster_name": "sds-grpc"
}
}
],
"set_node_on_first_message_only": true,
"transport_api_version": "V3"
},
"initial_fetch_timeout": "0s",
"resource_api_version": "V3"
}
}
],
"combined_validation_context": {
"default_validation_context": {
"match_subject_alt_names": [
{
"prefix": "spiffe://cluster.local/"
}
]
},
"validation_context_sds_secret_config": {
"name": "ROOTCA",
"sds_config": {
"api_config_source": {
"api_type": "GRPC",
"grpc_services": [
{
"envoy_grpc": {
"cluster_name": "sds-grpc"
}
}
],
"set_node_on_first_message_only": true,
"transport_api_version": "V3"
},
"initial_fetch_timeout": "0s",
"resource_api_version": "V3"
}
}
}
}
}
},
"typed_extension_protocol_options": {
"envoy.extensions.upstreams.http.v3.HttpProtocolOptions": {
"@type": "type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.upstreams.http.v3.HttpProtocolOptions",
"explicit_http_config": {
"http2_protocol_options": {
"allow_connect": true
}
}
}
}
},
"last_updated": "2022-11-17T03:27:46.140Z"
}
|
该集群的类型是 ORIGINAL_DST，直接与上游建立 HBONE 隧道，将数据包发送到 Pod B 的 15008 端口。在节点 B 的 Ztunnel 的流量劫持和路由方式就跟 L4 是一样的了，在这里不再赘述。
总结
L7 流量路由是在 L4 的基础上增加了 Waypoint 代理，该代理中 Envoy 处理比较复杂。Waypoint 代理使用 Gateway API 生成基于 Deployment 部署的，我们可以根据个别服务的负载情况，单独扩缩容其 Waypoint 代理，也可以创建 HPA 来动态扩容。
参考